Geography Calculators

Calculate the great-circle distance between two latitude/longitude coordinates in kilometers, miles, and nautical miles using the Haversine formula.

Convert coordinates between decimal degrees and degrees-minutes-seconds (DMS) formats in both directions, with hemisphere support.

Calculate the initial compass bearing and back bearing between two latitude/longitude points in degrees and compass direction.

Calculate the great-circle midpoint between two latitude/longitude coordinates for route planning and meet-in-the-middle trips.

Convert map distance to real-world distance using map scale ratios like 1:50,000 or 1:25,000 with meters, kilometers, miles, and feet output.

Calculate population density per square kilometer and square mile from population and area, with density classification from rural to hyperdense.

Find the destination latitude/longitude from a start coordinate, an initial bearing, and a distance using the great-circle formula.

Find the point on the exact opposite side of the Earth from any latitude/longitude. Discover what is on the other side of the world if you dug straight down.

Calculate rhumb line (constant bearing) distance and bearing between two latitude/longitude coordinates, used in traditional maritime navigation.

Calculate the area and perimeter of a polygon defined by latitude/longitude vertices using spherical geometry. Returns km², mi², hectares, and acres.

Estimate hiking time from distance, ascent, and descent using Naismith's rule with fitness level adjustments for trip planning.

Encode latitude and longitude into a GeoHash string, or decode a GeoHash back to coordinates and bounding box. Supports precision 1 to 12.

Convert degrees of latitude and longitude to kilometers and miles at any given latitude. Essential reference for GPS precision and mapping work.

Estimate flight duration from coordinates or distance with aircraft cruise speeds and taxi time. Useful for travelers and pilots.